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//-->LProcessofMechanical Preparationmaterialremovalusingabľasives'ThereaľethľeeThe basic processofmechanicalsample preparation.isaccordingto theirabilityto introducedeformation'mechanismsof removĺng.u*iu], ľś'ł'ľ'eiesurface.i'iľ'.ioĺi"*i'gsectioniheyaľeanalysed andtheir influencęon the sampleÍEnhancement ofcutting: Thecoľrectlubľicant improvesthecutting process and the smallest scratchdepth and the lowest deformationsremade.Reduce friction: The &ictionbetween the sample andthesupPoľt mustbecoľľert;tooliĺlelubricantwillcause overheating, too muchlubricantwilldeorease the cuttingactionbywashingaway abrasiveparticles.Cooling: Theidealconditionsforoptimal grinding/polishingwillcreatefrictionalheat.This is keptlow by usingthecorrectlubricant.The particles cannotbepressed intoľ""''.l'iÍ''the abrasive isappliedinasuspensĺon onto a,haĺd surface.freelyinalldirectioĺs'Small paĺticles are hammeredthe surface andsecured tľ'"'.1io]ľ'"y.llandmovet9n:."ľ T?d;.Thistakes place becausethefreemovingout ofthesample surfaceofthesamplesuďace'Forthisľeason theremovalrateabrasiveparticleis not able,"prJa"..aľeal''chip"is!ä-i".;;;.i"p.'iiiaoftime)isvery low during lappingbuttheprocessťlrmly(theamountofmaterialandtheyareoftenlong.Withsofr materials,th;;b,";i;'P"'ticlisareľ;Ę'dareextremely undesirable in]:ľ^:ľ^:ľľ|':^'ľľ*embedded grainsembedded in it. Both tr,"a.ep oeĺoľmaiion.anoreasonidescribed above,lappingisonlyusedťorthematerialographicsamplep**uiĹn.'s.*""eofthelike ceramicsandmineralogicalsamples.;i;;ľyľ'aro,'uriitteanái;iléf"ilPolisbingPolishingas aprocess hasbeendescribed above.Polishing includesthe laststepsofthepreparation process.Because smalleľgrain_sizesandcloths with higher resilience areused, during the processallthedeformationsand scratches&omírnegrindingcanbercmoved.There mightbeariskofthecreationofreliefandrounding ofedgesbecauseoftľrepsilience ofthecloths. Thesedrawbacks maybereduced bykeeping thepolishing timesasshort aspossĺble''.;; ;i'ateľials,Grindingl)machinedReadtbotertand completewitbthewords fromtbe box.conEolpompedabrasivepaľticles whichp'.od'u'"chips ofthesamplelngrindingamateľialis removedbyusing frxeduu.a'ivegrain pĺoduces the.]owęst amountofmaterial' Thepľocessofmuxing*iŕ'*iiľ'-a'ĺa'prađľolištring uasicallyuses tlresamęmechanismdeformationinthe sampte*ä'!r".Jrľ,.iii!ľ'.'t'é1no".tasgrindingseebelow.computercomponentscoolantouttingwasteworkPiecesTbeProcessGrinding (Polishing)rąuirescertainconditions:l.Cuttingforcegrain must be high enough to generateacuttingThe specificpressuľe between sample surface and abrasiveforce able to ProduceachiP.2.HorizontallYfixedgraincuttingwhilethe sample is passingoverit toobainsufÍicientTheabrasive grainmustbeÍixed horizontallyforce.3.VerticalPenetrationtheto obtainthedesiredchip size' The chipsize andTheabrasive grainmustbesupported veľticallymaterialremovalratearecloseĘ related'Thę toolsused inmaohĺning,to make holes, grooves, threads,.etc.,arecalledis produced,called swarťAsit ĺs cut'tools.Metalis oftenontotheworkpiecefluidmay beorchips. Duringmachiningaliquidcalledkeepingtheworkpiece cool.to actasa.Macbiningis the useofmachinesto cut piecesofmateľial(called)andshapetheminto-Inmanufacturing,machiningisusuallyguidedbycomputerscalled_systems,-Ofren, desigrrinformation(on shapes andsizrsofcomponents)isfeddirectlyintoCNCsystems from-manufađuring(CAD/CAM)software.computer aideddesigďcomputeľ aided2.MatchthetwoparBto make corľect sentences.lÁdrillbitis an cxampleof2Materialbeing machincd iscalledt,!T1)1;''ľffililli*. n*,theprocess'Ifthediamondamount ofdiamondabrasive is presentduringlike witírDP_PasteorDP-SticŁthe processwillparticlesareappliedinlal.g.;'ounsatlarge intervals.,addedintobestcontroltheprocess'abľasiveshouldbeiarywiththenumberofp.ni.l.'-.".il.uŕ.ínordertouse theDP_intervals'It isthereforerecommendedthe smallestpossible.'o"*.iiľ'.fľesh''ľ'oJestpossiuleouringitle|.o."'',sotherearealways new'sharp'Susoensionwhich canu.."ppii.ä*,á."riJatlycost persample'aconstant,reproducĺbléprocessatthe lowest3Thewaste metalpľoduccd during macbiningiscalled4Metalgetshotduringcuning,socuttingÍluidcanbe usedas5 Acomputerthat guides amachiningprocess iscalled6Drawingscanbe!ĺoduccdand transferredtothemachiningprocess using;fi'ffi;ä":ä;i ;..hi'ä'"ľes5.caCAD/CAMsoftware.baCNCsystem.a machinetool.foľ threeand thegrinding/polishing surfaceis necessarySufficient lubricationbetween the sample suďaceLubricationdaworkpiece.eswarf orchips.facoolanĺreasons:1ee,tnjĺar %ťi\ (t:- L6'iłĄooĘ2Manufacturingĺľľlepicturesshow thestages ofmanufacturingice cream.Matchthemwiththespeech bubbles.12watéÍľotwat€ÍCold34mixout'at-6ooÍeÍÍig€rant-4o"5mixinmtx6catľcmxAWeheaŤ,themixtob2Ctokilloff bacteria.(1).ThenweBcoolthemixrapidlytotC.7iaŤ,ureandputit,intoablagt,freezeraŤ,_3o'to40'C.5owetreezetheŤ,ubgoficecrearnHerowe?acktheicecreamintubscWeaddtomake?icŤ,ureŤ,hernharder.flavourg anácolourstoŤ,hemix.?icLureFHereweaddDHerewepumvŤ,hemixŤ,hrouqhaovecialbarrel treezer.WewhivaloŤ,otirintoit,atthesame time.Uptohathevolumeoficecreamieair.?ictureEHereweweiqhalltheinqredienteand mixŤhemtoqetherinlar1eŤ,ubg.Weugecream'milkanáanytľuite, nutgorouqartomake ice cream.?icŤ.ure1biscuitpieceeto'r,hesemi-trozenmixture.?iciure2Writeadescriptionofthe manufactuľĺngprocess,using thepassive.Usethelinkers fľom thebox.oneofthem isplacedin themiddleofasection.Finatly'l1.1glĺ.First,''Simultaneously,'..:.ThénF|rstAtthi:'polnt.. r'::.j.ijt::.'l2ąlltheingredientsareweighedandmkeld.together inlargetubs.Cťeam, mitk and sugararcused tomakeicecreąm.First,3456letłGEtsffiĺ,ť"sFunctiffiIGFFFSFocusing oninfoľmationAActive orpassive?itForthis reason'Whendescribingaprocess, wefocus more on what is done thanonwhodoesthe passive iscormonlyused,asin thepassagebelowon recycling'ofmethods,includĺngRecyctablematerialsareĺecoleľedfrommunicipatrefuseby anumberComplete thispassageusing either active orpassíveformsofthe verb.Manufacturing resource planning-MRp isaprocesswhich...................r(integrate)-maĺketing,productionandsales.MRP...................2(rely) uponafuliyintegľated processand(coordinate) byamasterschedułer,who. ............... ...;(ensure)thateachofthe threephases..........(manage) cost-e ĺectively and efficiently.withalargemagnet'snrédaĺng(cutting and tearingthings intotong,thĺnstrips),separatingmetalsprocess.lncomingrefuseisputpingscreening and washing.Anoter*"1hodof,"ioueryis the wetcalledthe wet pulper, which resembtesalargemixed with water andgroundintoapulpina machinedevice beforeeverythingkitchendisposalunĺt. Large piecesoimetal are pulted out byamagnetictheheaviermaterialswhichfromthe putperis toaded ĺnioacentrifuge caltedatĺquid cyctone.Hereand sentontoa glass_andcannot be burnt, such asglass,metals andceÍamics,aresepaľatedoutsy'tem- Thefinal residuemetal_recovery system.other' iighteĺmateriatsgoto a paper-fibre-recoveryis either buľntoris usedaslandfill.tréą*''Ýn*oF-to.........(s5mthesise)inaproduction planintoconcretestagesand mixesofproducts,whosemanufactirehasto7(schedule)ascost-effectivelyaspossible, using iust-in-time and electronicdatainterchangesystems.EachstageintheproductionprocessI (give)aseparatecoding. Thusďl arrivingraw materials orbought-inparts...................9(check)for quality andl0(use)wiilnotuntilsetstandards have...................lI(meet)' Similaľly,12(warehouse)finished goods maynotuntil qualitychecks have...................13(fulfiD.łteach stageall materials anditems'o(give) unique production batchcodings for identificationincaseofadefectoccuľľing.lnthis wayacom|uterđatabasett(build up)ofeachand everyproductionrun.In the caseofaproduct recall, anydefectproblems may...........(locate)quicklyand thepublicrelationsdamagewilĺ17(limit).theĺeforeInMRP,alltheprojections,estimatesandforecastshaveFromBrcinas.-ÁSadenťsGur.dcr.-tlMarketingForecastTłÄMixiirgactive and passĺveverb formsaprocessaswellasIt is alsopossible to mention what actions peopleolthings performinfocusing än the actionitself. Sothere isamixture ofactiveand passive'Ąlt-MasterSchedulerSalesEstĺmatesfficÍeatinganewsstoryphotographers are senttherewheneveradisaster happenssomewhereintheworld,reporters andor overthe phoneandtointerviewpeople andtakepictures. The newsreportsare sentbye-mailtherotts offilmrushedback to the office to bedeveloped'into thecomputer'Then otherjournalĺststypeupthestoriesandthe picturesarescannedgetthe layout right' ThecoÍnputerDesigners workonthestorieiandphotos on-screeninorder toplate andpľints out the page of news ontoapieceofclearfitmwhĺch istaidon alight_sensitiveexposed toabľiefflashofĺight.rolleronthe printing pressandAptate is made for each pageofthenewspaper,wrappedaroundaputtogetherinthe right order' Thecoated with ink.whenall the pages have been printed they arefinished newspapersarefinatiy tiedintobundtes anddeliveredto news-stands.TProductionBatchcoding and qualĺty assuranceFinalgood: quality assurance$Passiua(z)page 5oWarehousing anddistributionL'.,bRAPIDPROTOTYPINGPRE.READINGrapid[ľapid]aĺd1happening,moving,oľ doing somethingat gÍeatqpeed;fast:Theat(prototype$. Nowadays,they areincreasinglyempĘedtoproducetooĺs/toJgoreYento magufacturęproductionqualityptlsinggt!-sąąilnumbers.Manyprotoryping mođels:uťmeart/ actexhlbtioĺ'sollptorsuseĺapiđREADINGPARTIWbĺchof tbefollowingphľasesdoyouassociate rvithrapidprotoĘping?patíentmadearapid recovery.Theschoolpromise,srapidresultsinlanguage)Ex.llearníng.adv:therqidlychangingworldof computerteclmologĺprotot}Te[prautataip]nt(oĐ] tbefintform9fsomething,esp'ofa machineoľĺnaustrialproduct,fromwbichalllater forms develop,sometimeswithimpmvements:aworkíngprototypeof the newcar........customizďprođucĺ-CustomsandExcisęworn-out clothesweaľablecomputeľaproduct madeespecially foľaparticulaľclientclotbing-acomputer thatisdesipedto bewornas anitenofpľotoĘping[prcutotaipił] the pľocessofquickly p]ttiogPg.q_"aworkingmoaeliáprototype) inoĺdertotestvaousaspectsof thedesip,illustrateideasoľfeahľesanđgatberearly userfeedbackinnovative mateľiďsreplacement parts in spacegenetically modified foodaľtificialiatelligenceLookattbetitleofthischapter and ľead theđictionaryentrios above.Answeľtbefollowingquestions.)Ex.ll.2.Fuare,oneLryerataTimewľittenbyRobert Crockett,assistantpĺofessorofmechanicalengineeringattbeMilwaukeeSchoolofEngineerinp)and checkifyouweľerĺgbt.ReadPaĺtI(tbeexcerpt fromtbearticle 8aildingtheHaveyoubeard aboutrapidprototyping?whatdo youlnowabouttbisprocess?-DoesUsingcomputers, lasers, and sophisticaedmatJerials;researcbers bavecreated3'Does rapid prototyping baveanyconnectionwithcomputeľs?tbe termrtapídPrototypingtranslateintoPolisb?rapidpĺototypingtoolstbattodayarerenderingdesipers'iđeasibtosoliđobjectsReadtbedefinitionof rapiđprotot5,pinganđcboosetbeconectwoľđ.)Ex.2RapldprototYPing,also knownmanual/3Dprinteľs, stereolitbography machinesorselectivelasersintering qĺstems.Rapiđprototpiagisatypeofandisoneoftbecontestotts/comnonentsofrapid manufacnľing. Thefiĺsttecbniquesfor rapidprototypiogbecane avđlableintbe l980s;taditionallytbey have beentoprďucemodelssolĺd &eďoľmfabľĺcation,istheautomatic constructionof ptvsícal/psychícalobjects witbasblack-and-whitepbotos; thencolorľpbotos...andtođay'intbetwenty-firstcentuĺ5l,thefloodofelectronícsolĺd objects' Inevitably,asariveľrushingowarđ9''ątecbnologieshasnorv broachedtbefiontieroftbĺeedine'nsionalobjects.Itsegmsinnoguous enougbatfint,small machiaesforbuildiug layer-by-layerprotoĘpasofmodelsdesigpedbyengineersusingcomprrterdesiptechníques'Earlyveĺsionsof rapidprotoĘping(RP)macblnes,inboducedcommerciallyinl988,pľoduced models wboseflmctionalusefulness wasliuitedby.thestrmgÍhofthe materials used'Inashortllyears,bowcveĘcomprrters, lasers,materials, anđimagingtechniques haveallimproveddľamatícally, increasingthecapabilitiesofRPsystens. Today,itisaPpaľent thatincomingdecadescustomized production,andtomorrowwillbemakingweaľable computeľs,low-costcustomĺzed products,innovative materials,andľąlacementpaľtsinspace.Fint itwascodedsipals,thenitwasthevoic,tben typedtxt,then
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